The 60-year-old tungsten industry in New China has been bathed in spring and rain, from scratch, from small to large, from weak to strong, achieving a historic leap and creating brilliant achievements.
First, the glorious course
The 60-year history of the new Chinese tungsten industry has gone through three stages of development:
(1) The stage of entrepreneurship and rise (1949-1981)
The geological census exploration work achieved fruitful results in the second half of the 1950s. After the 1960s, many new deposits were discovered nationwide, and more reserves were added to build a group of tungsten mining and mining joint ventures. Laid a solid foundation.
In 1952 the completion of China's first mechanized beneficiation plant - Dajishan tungsten ore processing plant, during the first five-year plan, Dajishan, West Mountain, Kui Miyama is listed as the former Soviet Union aided 156 key projects in . Subsequently, dozens of mechanized mining mines have been established, gradually forming the world's largest tungsten mining and mining system.
Liberation, Dalian Steel created the history of China's hard alloy. In the early 1950s, a number of cemented carbide workshops were built, which opened the curtain for the development of China's cemented carbide industry. In 1958, Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Plant, the first large-scale tungsten industry comprehensive production enterprise in China, which was one of the 156 key projects during the “First Five-Year Plan†period, was completed. From the first lamp of 0.18mm tungsten wire produced by Shanghai Bulb Factory in September 1953, a batch of tungsten smelting and processing enterprises were built.
(II) Research and development stage (1981-2000)
In 1981 and 1983, the first and second national tungsten technology conferences were held. Comrade Fang Yi’s inscriptions: “Revitalizing the Tungsten Industry†and “Chongfeng Peak†blew the horn of the tungsten industry and technology, and emerged. Many scientific research results that have surpassed the world level, such as “extraction†and “ion exchange†tungsten smelting processes, have been independently developed successfully.
Reform and opening up has opened a new era in the development of China's cemented carbide industry. Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Plant and Zigong Cemented Carbide Plant have successively introduced advanced foreign production lines or production technologies, which have improved the level of process equipment and product quality of China's cemented carbide and narrowed the gap with the international advanced level.
The reform and opening up has also provided a good development opportunity for the tungsten processing industry, which has led to a significant increase in the output of tungsten materials, and a new pattern in product quality, variety and specifications.
(III) Reform and innovation stage (2001-2009)
In the double handover of the century and the millennium, China's tungsten industry presents a new situation of total volume increase, efficiency improvement, structural optimization and industrial upgrading.
The products of Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd. are further developed in the direction of high precision; Shenzhen Jinzhou Jinggong Technology Co., Ltd. is the top 4 in the world in micro-drilling production; Xiamen Jinlu Special Alloy Co., Ltd. develops and produces high-hard alloys. Precision knives; Xiamen Honglu Tungsten & Molybdenum Industry Co., Ltd. continues to maintain its position as the world's largest manufacturer of tungsten wire.
The main product of tungsten resources - Jiangxi's tungsten product structure continues to develop into high-end tungsten products. The production technology of private enterprises such as Chongyi Zhangyuan Tungsten Co., Ltd. has also made great progress.
At the same time, Zhuzhou, Xiamen and other places have established a state-level tungsten technology innovation research and development center, which has greatly improved the independent innovation capability of China's tungsten industry.
Second, the historic leap
After 2004, China's tungsten industry has gone out of its lows for many years, leaving the predicament, especially the tungsten mines turning losses into profits. The industry-wide sales revenue was four times that of 2003; the industry-wide profit was nine times that of 2003.
After 2005, the domestic tungsten price returned reasonably, which also boosted the international tungsten market price. The export of 1 ton of tungsten was equivalent to more than 4 tons before 2003, and the international competitiveness and market discourse rights continued to increase. Achieved a historic leap and breakthrough:
(1) Tungsten reserves rank first in the world
Although the history of new China has been more than 40 years before the founding of the country, after 60 years of large-scale mining after the founding of the People's Republic of China, so far, China's tungsten reserves accounted for 48.8% of the world's tungsten reserves, ranking first in the world.
(2) Tungsten consumption ranks first in the world
According to the statistics of the International Tungsten Association (ITIA) and the China Tungsten Association (CTIA), the global consumption of tungsten has been increasing steadily year by year. China's tungsten consumption has reached 13% of the world's tungsten consumption, and it has become the world's first tungsten consumption. Great country.
(3) The production of tungsten products ranks first in the world
According to statistics, from 1949 to 2008, tungsten concentrate production accounted for 51.2% of the world's total output, of which 1986-2008 has reached 66.9% of the world's total output.
In 2008, the production of APT, tungsten powder, cemented carbide and tungsten wire increased by 8.8 times, 6.34 times, 5.3 times and 12.3 times respectively compared with 1985, ranking first in the world.
(4) Tungsten trade volume still ranks first in the world
Before 1995, China exported a large amount of tungsten concentrate. After 1995, the export volume of tungsten concentrate was basically zero. The export volume of quota primary smelting products was controlled. The export volume of cemented carbide and processed materials increased year by year.
Despite the implementation of total export control, China is still the world's number one tungsten trading country, supplying more than 80% of the world's tungsten demand. In 2007, the export volume of tungsten products increased by 11.14% compared with 2003, and the export volume increased by 329.33% compared with 2003.
Third, the scientific and technological progress has been fruitful
(1) Geological prospecting
"Five-storey" vertical zoning mode, "multiple integrated" metallogenic model, shallow source remelting magma series, deep source magma mineralization series concept, test methods, advanced instruments and physical and chemical exploration applications bring tungsten The fruitful results of mineral geological prospecting.
(2) Mining process
The experimental research on the combination of the bottom-bottom detonation technology and the automobile and electric rafts, the “three nos†retention method, the unmanned mining method at the working face, and the mechanized ore-retaining method have made breakthroughs in the mining process technology. The engineering research on the ground pressure of tungsten mines summarizes the prediction methods and control measures of ground pressure. Open pit mining began to be used in tungsten mines.
(3) Mineral processing technology
Suichuan white tungsten comprehensive recovery technology, improvement of tungsten fine mud recovery process, re-election of moving sieve jig, application of spiral chute, preparation of ore dressing agent for black tungsten ore flotation, flocculation flotation and carrier flotation; Development of room temperature flotation technology for stellite ore flotation, development and application of new chelating collectors and selective inhibitors for black and white tungsten mixed ore flotation in Hunan Shizhuyuan Mine; application of strong magnetic separators, etc. This has made great progress in China's tungsten beneficiation technology .
(4) Tungsten smelting
In terms of process, in addition to the "press-extraction-crystallization" process and "press-to-ion exchange-crystallization", the results have also been achieved in the tungsten concentrate decomposing technology and the new technology of tungsten-molybdenum separation technology. Tungsten smelting technology has completed the technical development and industrial application from the conversion of black tungsten to white tungsten; ultra-fine tungsten powder has achieved industrial production.
(5) Tungsten processing
Carbide quality continues to increase, the fine columnar crystals developed a thick aluminum oxide coating technique, a PCVD-temperature titanium carbonitride coating technique, PVD coating technology coated products, and products known domestic and foreign markets Black Edition; Hard A series of advanced equipment and process technologies have been applied in different manufacturers and successively localized.
The mainstream technology in the preparation of doped tungsten wire has reached the world advanced level; significant progress has been made in material research, new process research and mechanism research of tungsten-based high-density alloys.
(6) Tungsten special steel
In recent years, the use of scheelite, molybdenum concentrate and vanadium slag to directly smelt high-speed steel, die steel, and base steel technology has made a major breakthrough;
(7) Tungsten Chemical
The research on tungsten-containing industrial catalysts has made important progress. The excellent performance of tungsten catalysts in the development of clean gasoline and clean diesel chemical production processes is known as the star catalyst in the field of green chemistry.
(8) Recycling of tungsten resources
The recycling technology of tungsten resources has been widely promoted. The secondary tungsten resources include tungsten waste residue, soot, spent catalyst, tungsten alloy recovery raw materials and APT smelting slag. There has also been great progress in the recycling of valuable elements in mine waste rock and tailings.
Fourth, the industrial structure presents a new situation
(1) The product structure has been adjusted
With the constant changes in the demand for tungsten products in various fields of the national economy and national defense industry and the international market, the national tungsten enterprises have increased product development efforts, continuously developed new products, and continuously optimized product structures, forming tungsten smelting products, chemical products, and hard A complete range of alloys and tungsten tungsten wire. In particular, the number of cemented carbide specifications has reached more than 40,000, covering the application fields of domestic and foreign markets.
(II) Increased industrial concentration
The industrial proportion and economic aggregate of large-scale tungsten enterprises have further expanded, and industrial concentration has been improved. Through joint restructuring, Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd., Xiamen Tungsten Industry Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd., Hunan Nonferrous Metal Holding Group Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Rare Earth Metal Tungsten Group Co., Ltd., the above five tungsten industry The group company, tungsten concentrate, APT, tungsten powder production capacity accounts for 30% to 40% of the national production capacity. In 2008, the sales revenue exceeded 6 billion yuan, reaching 6 companies, and its sales revenue accounted for nearly 60% of the industry's sales revenue.
(3) The tungsten industry continues to concentrate on the origin of tungsten resources
The production capacity of APT and tungsten powder in Jiangxi accounted for more than 30% of the national production capacity. The production capacity of APT and tungsten powder in the Yinzhou area concentrated in tungsten ore accounted for 80% and 90% of Jiangxi Province respectively. In 2008, the actual production of cemented carbide in Hunan accounted for more than 13 of the national output. The production of ferro- tungsten in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces accounts for more than half of the country's total output.
In some areas, a tungsten industry cluster has been formed, which has enabled the tungsten industry to develop rapidly.
V. Valuable historical experience
(1) Implementing strategic management for the development and utilization of tungsten resources
Tungsten is a rare metal mineral resource with special strategic significance due to its unique properties and difficult to replace in a wide range of fields. It is one of China's most advantageous mineral resources in the world.
In order to safeguard national interests, strategic interests, economic security and national defense security, we must implement strategic management of China's tungsten resources, including formulating strategic plans, strengthening strategic protection, and implementing strategic reserves.
(2) Strengthening macroeconomic regulation and control and implementing strict total control
In 1991, the State Council listed tungsten as a specific mineral for protective exploitation. The Mineral Resources Law clearly stipulates that “planned mining is implementedâ€. Tungsten mining and export total control are listed in the National “Tenth Five-Year Mineral Resources Planningâ€, and the Ministry of Land and Resources’ “2008-2015 National Mineral Resources Planning†reaffirms: “The total annual mining volume of specific minerals strictly applied for protective mining†Index control, super-planned mining and unplanned exports are strictly prohibited."
The practice of the 60-year development of the tungsten industry in New China proves that only by strictly controlling the total amount of tungsten ore, tungsten production and export in accordance with national regulations, can we give full play to the advantages of China's tungsten resources and the right to speak in the international market. This is a valuable experience that must be cherished after decades of great cost.
(3) Strengthening industry self-discipline to maintain market order and industry interests
The experience and lessons of the 60-year development of the tungsten industry in New China shows that it is no longer possible to fight resources, vicious competition, and “collective suicideâ€. To accept the painful lessons of history, we must give full play to the role of industry associations as bridges and bridges, strengthen the service, supervision, and self-discipline functions of the association, and establish the association as a self-regulatory group that regulates the industry market and realizes the orderly development of the industry. Market order, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises, and safeguard the interests of the industry; achieve self-discipline and win-win in the whole industry through industry self-discipline.
(4) Large-scale, intensive and professional development, in order to achieve the goal of strengthening the tungsten industry
The 60-year development practice of China's tungsten industry proves that in the development of ideas, we must adhere to the system innovation as the main line, take the road of scale, intensification and professional development, further accelerate the innovation of systems, mechanisms and management systems, and integrate various resources. Form a synergy. Vigorously cultivate large-scale enterprise groups with international competitiveness and catch up with world-class enterprises. Support small and medium-sized enterprises to develop in the direction of specialization, and form a group of strong specialized production enterprises.
(5) Based on independent technological innovation, we can change resource advantages into economic advantages.
The history of China's tungsten industry's 60-year development proves that under the guidance of the scientific development concept, China's tungsten industry should control the total amount of tungsten products, promote industrial integration and restructuring, optimize the structure of tungsten products, eliminate low-level redundant construction, and eliminate backward production capacity. Promote industrial upgrading with independent innovation of science and technology, accelerate the development of deep-processing products, continuously improve the grade of products, comprehensively improve the level of technical equipment, and gradually build a sustainable industrial system with advanced technology, reasonable structure, significant benefits, environmental protection and resource conservation, and improve China. The overall competitiveness of the tungsten industry in the world.
On October 13, 2007, Premier Wen Jiabao of the State Council made an important instruction for the development of China's tungsten industry for a century of "adhering to the principle of protection and rational development and utilization to achieve sustainable development of the tungsten industry." Looking into the future, China's tungsten industry will seize the opportunity to meet the challenges and continue to work hard to achieve the goal of sustainable development of China's tungsten industry!
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